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En el mes de julio, con motivo de la aprobación de la Ley de Teletrabajo, publicamos una serie de notas (podés leerlas acá y acá) sobre el tema en las que concluíamos: “lejos de ser una ley progresiva para el trabajador, que hasta el momento no tenía reglamentación en la que apoyarse, es una ley que fomenta nuevas formas de flexibilización laboral”. La reglamentación de la ley confirma nuestro análisis, al limitar aún más los derechos otorgados a los trabajadores en el marco del teletrabajo. La CEO de Randstad (multinacional de recursos humanos) lo resume así en un artículo para Clarin: “se trata de una reglamentación parcial, que busca clarificar algunos conceptos y disipar algunas de las objeciones y reclamos que las diferentes cámaras empresarias fueron aportando al debate posterior a la sanción de la ley. Tan es así que esta reglamentación no establece aún el inicio concreto de la vigencia de la ley.”
La aprobación de la ley, hace seis meses, fue impulsada por la imposición masiva del home office producto de la pandemia. Incluso hoy, desarmadas la mayor parte de las medida de aislamiento, una gran masa de trabajadores de oficina, de todas la profesiones imaginables, continúan trabajando en sus hogares. No sólo se trata de medidas de prevención avaladas por el capital, sino que la excepcionalidad ha dado lugar a que el capital viera la oportunidad y viabilidad de reducir costos. Como ya explicamos en nuestro análisis, el teletrabajo permite un ahorro formidable en alquiler y mantenimiento de oficinas, personal asociado a su funcionamiento y limpieza, servicios, y así la reducción de los derechos otorgados a los empleados, como viáticos, comidas, guarderías o subsidios para ellas (y lo peor de todo, la reducción de estos últimos ligados a una supuesta perspectiva de género que daría lugar al “derechos a interrumpir la jornada” para el cuidado de familiares). Se trata por lo tanto no de regular la excepcionalidad sino una reorganización de las relaciones laborales de largo alcance.
La reglamentación comienza reduciendo el universo de “beneficiarios”. En primer lugar, no es aplicable a situaciones excepcionales, por caso, la actual pandemia. Cualquier reclamo que un trabajador haya hecho por la compensación, por ejemplo, del servicio de internet, no será amparado por la ley. Recordemos además que al iniciarse el aislamiento se derogó la única reglamentación existente para el teletrabajo y que sí otorgaba este derecho. Pero además, habilita a que se recurra al teletrabajo “ocasional” sin regulación ante otros hechos excepcionales, desde una enfermedad o accidente, pasando por el cuidado de hijos y familiares hasta un paro de transporte. El artículo final, a su vez, pospone la aplicación de la ley hasta que esto sea dictaminado por el Ministerio de Trabajo (en el texto de la ley era noventa días después del fin del ASPO).
El derecho a la desconexión (art. 5) se ve fuertemente recortado, al establecerse que se supedita a las “necesidades objetivas” de la empresa ligadas “la economía nacional o la propia empresa”(el artículo 203 de la Ley de Contrato de Trabajo, de la época de Videla). En el mismo sentido, no se reglamenta el art. 4 (Jornada de Trabajo), que en la ley ya habilitaba el trabajo por objetivos, es decir, fuera de cualquier horario y a destajo. Al mismo tiempo, no se reglamentó el derecho a la intimidad, por lo que las empresas podrán seguir utilizando software que recabe información como sitios web visitados, movimientos del trabajador, contactos, etc. La casi anulación del derecho a la desconexión va de la mano de la expansión de la localización en el país de servicios para grupos económicos norteamericanos (el artículo 17, sobre Prestaciones Transnacionales, no fue reglamentado), por ejemplo del software, como señaló apropia Kristalina Georgieva.
En cuanto a la compensación de gastos, no se especifica una lista de requerimientos mínimos pero además no se considera la compensación como parte del salario, no son remunerativas (no computan para los descuentos), pero sobre todo, no cuentan para las indemnizaciones (cosa que sí sucede hoy, por ejemplo, con viáticos y comida).
Finalmente, también el derecho a la vuelta a la presencialidad se ve recortado, al establecerse que la patronal puede dar “razones fundadas” para negarla. También se refiere a los art. 61 y 62 de la LCT que hablan de “colaboración y solidaridad” y “buena fe” entre empleador y trabajador, y más explícitamente que “se tendrá especialmente en cuenta el tiempo transcurrido desde el momento en que se dispuso el cambio de la modalidad”. La reglamentación, por último, confirma que se trata, en este aspecto, de una ley “de transición”, en la medida en que la reversibilidad no valdrá para los nuevos teletrabajadores, sino solamente para quienes pasan de una posición originalmente.
La masificación del teletrabajo llegó para quedarse, no sólo en las empresas sino incluso en el Estado, donde por ejemplo el gobierno de la Ciudad anunció que recurrirá a esta modalidad para dejar de alquilar distintos edificios de su administración y reducir gastos. El gobierno y las patronales apuestan a discutir e imponer, convenio por convenio, las condiciones de trabajo en la virtualidad. Los trabajadores tenemos una gran tarea en este nuevo terreno, en cada gremio y de conjunto, por defender nuestros derechos.
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